John Paul Jones in the American Revolution

Scottish by birth, Commodore John Paul Jones became the new United States first naval hero during the  American Revolution (1775-1783). Beginning his career as a merchant sailor and, later, captain, he was forced to flee to the North American colonies after killing a member of his crew in self defense. In 1775, shortly after the war began, Jones was able to secure a commission as lieutenant in the fledgling Continental Navy. Taking part in its early campaigns, he excelled as a commerce raider when given independent commands. Given command of the sloop-of-war Ranger (18 guns) in 1777, Jones received the first foreign salute of the American flag and became the first Continental Navy officer to capture a British warship. In 1779, he repeated the feat when a squadron under his command captured HMS Serapis (44) and HMS Countess of Scarborough (22) at the Battle of Flamborough Head. With the end of the conflict, Jones later served as a rear admiral in the Imperial Russian Navy. Fast Facts: John Paul Jones Rank: Captain (US), Rear Admiral (Russia)Service: Continental Navy, Imperial Russian NavyBirth Name: John PaulBorn: July 6, 1747 at Kirkcudbright, ScotlandDied: July 18, 1792, Paris, FranceParents: John Paul, Sr. and Jean (McDuff) PaulConflicts: American RevolutionKnown For: Battle of Flamborough Head (1777) Early Life Born John Paul on July 6, 1747, at Kirkcudbright, Scotland, John Paul Jones was the son of a gardener. Going to sea at age 13, he first served aboard the merchant ship Friendship which operated out of Whitehaven. Progressing through the merchant ranks, he sailed on both trading vessels and slavers. A skilled sailor, he was made first mate of the slaver Two Friends in 1766. Though the slave trade was lucrative, Jones became disgusted with it and departed the vessel two years later. In 1768, while sailing as a mate aboard the brig John, Jones suddenly ascended to command after yellow fever killed the captain. Safely bringing the vessel back to port, the ships owners made him the permanent captain. In this role, Jones made several profitable voyages to the West Indies. Two years after taking command, Jones was forced to severely flog a disobedient sailor. His reputation suffered when the sailor died a few weeks later. Leaving John, Jones became captain of the London-based Betsey. While lying off Tobago in December 1773, trouble began with his crew and he was forced to kill one of them in self-defense. In the wake of this incident, he was advised to flee until an admiralty commission could be formed to hear his case. North America Traveling north to Fredericksburg, VA, Jones hoped to obtain aid from his brother who had settled in the area. Finding that his brother had died, he took over his affairs and estate. It was during this period that he added Jones to his name, possibly in an effort to distance himself from his past. Sources are unclear regarding his activities in Virginia, however it is known that he traveled to Philadelphia in the summer of 1775, to offer his services to the new Continental Navy after the start of the American Revolution. Endorsed by Richard Henry Lee, Jones was commissioned as the first lieutenant of the frigate Alfred (30) Continental Navy Fitting out in Philadelphia, Alfred was commanded by Commodore Esek Hopkins. On December 3, 1775, Jones became the first to hoist the US flag over an American warship. The following February, Alfred served as Hopkins flagship during the expedition against New Providence in the Bahamas. Landing marines on March 2, 1776, Hopkins force succeeded in capturing weapons and supplies which were badly needed by General George Washingtons army at Boston. Returning to New London, Jones was given command of the sloop Providence (12), with the temporary rank of captain, on May 10, 1776. While aboard Providence, Jones displayed his skill as a commerce raider capturing sixteen British ships during one six-week cruise and received his permanent promotion to captain. Arriving at Narragansett Bay on October 8, Hopkins appointed Jones to command Alfred. Through the fall, Jones cruised off Nova Scotia capturing several additional British vessels and securing winter uniforms and coal for the army. Putting into Boston on December 15, he began a major refit on the vessel. While in port, Jones, a poor politician, began feuding with Hopkins. As result, Jones was next assigned to command the new 18-gun sloop-of-war Ranger rather than one of the new frigates being built for the Continental Navy. Departing Portsmouth, NH on November 1, 1777, Jones was ordered to proceed to France to assist the American cause in any way possible. Arriving at Nantes on December 2, Jones met with Benjamin Franklin and informed the American commissioners of the victory at the Battle of Saratoga. On February 14, 1778, while in Quiberon Bay, Ranger received the first recognition of the American flag by a foreign government when it was saluted by the French fleet. Cruise of Ranger Sailing from Brest on April 11, Jones sought to bring the war home to the British people with the goal of forcing the Royal Navy to withdraw forces from American waters. Boldly sailing into the Irish Sea, he landed his men at Whitehaven on April 22 and spiked the guns in the towns fort as well as burned shipping in the harbor. Crossing Solway Firth, he landed at St. Marys Isle to kidnap the Earl of Selkirk whom he believed could be exchanged for American prisoners of war. Coming ashore, he found that the Earl was away. To placate the desires of his crew, he seized the familys set of silver plate. Crossing the Irish Sea, Ranger encountered the sloop-of-war HMS Drake (20) on April 24. Attacking, Ranger captured the ship after an hour-long battle. Drake became the first British warship to be captured by the Continental Navy. Returning to Brest, Jones was greeted as a hero. Promised a new, larger ship, Jones soon encountered problems with the American commissioners as well as the French admiralty. After some struggle, he obtained a former East Indiaman which he converted into a warship. Mounting 42 guns, Jones named the ship Bonhomme Richard in tribute to Benjamin Franklin. Battle of Flamborough Head Sailing on August 14, 1779, Jones commanded a five-ship squadron. Proceeding northwest, Jones moved up the west coast of Ireland and turned to circle the British Isles. While the squadron captured several merchant ships, Jones experienced persistent problems with insubordination from his captains. On September 23, Jones encountered a large British convoy off Flamborough Head escorted by HMS Serapis (44) and HMS Countess of Scarborough (22). Jones maneuvered Bonhomme Richard to engage Serapis while his other ships intercepted Countess of Scarborough. Though Bonhomme Richard was pounded by Serapis, Jones was able to close and lash the two ships together. In a prolonged and brutal fight, his men were able to overcome the British resistance and succeeded in capturing Serapis. It was during this fight that Jones reputedly replied to a British demand for surrender with Surrender? I have not yet begun to fight! As his men were achieving their victory, his consorts captured Countess of Scarborough. Turning for Texel, Jones was forced to abandon the battered Bonhomme Richard on September 25. America Again hailed as a hero in France, Jones was awarded the rank of Chevalier by King Louis XVI. On June 26, 1781, Jones was appointed to command America (74) which was then under construction at Portsmouth. Returning to America, Jones threw himself into the project. Much to his disappointment, the Continental Congress elected to give the ship to France in September 1782, to replace Magnifique which had run aground entering Boston harbor. Completing the ship, Jones turned it over to its new French officers. Foreign Service With the end of the war, Jones, like many Continental Navy officers, was discharged. Left idle, and feeling that he was not given enough credit for his actions during the war, Jones willingly accepted an offer to serve in the navy of Catherine the Great. Arriving in Russia in 1788, he served in that years campaign on the Black Sea under the name Pavel Dzhones. Though he fought well, he bickered with the other Russian officers and was soon politically outmaneuvered by them. Recalled to St. Petersburg, he was left without a command and soon departed for Paris. Returning to Paris in May 1790, he lived there in retirement, though he did make attempts to re-enter Russian service. He died alone on July 18, 1792. Buried in St. Louis Cemetery, Jones remains were returned to the United States in 1905. Carried aboard the armored cruiser USS Brooklyn, they were interred in an elaborate crypt within the United States Naval Academy Chapel at Annapolis, MD.

Cyber Security And Cyber Warfare - 2152 Words

87 Data subject to restrictions on cover and notice page. 8.0 SOUTHERN UNIVERSITY FINAL REPORT 8.1 Summary 8.1.1 Motivation To address the increasing threats to national security coming from the cyber domain, military intelligence corps have recognized the need for officers trained in cyberspace 88 Data subject to restrictions on cover and notice page. counterterrorism techniques, technologies, and methods. These officers direct and conduct integrated electronic warfare, information technology, and cyberspace operations, as authorized or directed, to ensure freedom of action in and through cyberspace and the information environment, and to deny the same to our nation s adversaries. In support of the requirement for officers trained in cyber warfare techniques and technologies, the ROTC Cyber Research program provides cadets with opportunities to research and solve real world problems in cyber security and cyber counter-terrorism. This first year pilot program research effort focused on the design and deployment of a covert communications network that can operate at the enemy s operational base and gather intelligence on enemy communications and activities. This effort is in support of the Year 1 Challenge Problem of the Cyber-Spectrum Research and Technology Development Virtual Environment (CSpec-DVE). The covert communications system design is optimal with regard to detection avoidance, information gathering and transmission, and power requirements. Covert methodologiesShow MoreRelatedCyber Warfare And Security Threats2770 Words   |  12 Pagesbecome prey to attackers and has given birth to a new era of Cyber warfare. Consequently, the Internet, computers and networks have become targets and vehicles of cyber attacks and generate challenges to our security privacy. 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Congenital Heart Defects and Diabetes Essay Example For Students

Congenital Heart Defects and Diabetes Essay Congenital heart defects are mainly caused by one of three things. The first is a block of blood flow in the heart or vessels. The second is caused by blood flowing through the heart where its pattern is abnormal. Rare effects can happen such as when only one functional ventricle is present or when together the pulmonary artery ( and aorta arise from the same ventricle meaning double outlet-ventricles. Another rare effect happens when either side of the heart is incompletely formed (hyperplasic heart). Another example is congenital cyanotic heart defect. This is when blood pumped to the body contains less then the regular amount of oxygen required for babies. This will result is a blue discoloration of the skin and is the reason why the term blue babies is used. Babies are born with congenital heart defects because their mother took drugs. If a woman is taken drugs while she is pregnant, her baby is also taken the same drugs. Also her baby is receiving the same dose that she is taken, which is way above the normal dose a baby should take of anything. If a women is pregnant she should remain off drugs to protect her baby from congenital heart defects. People with diabetes are 2-4 times more likely to suffer from heart disease. Roughly that is more then 77,000 deaths a year. Heart disease with diabetes is caused by atherosclerosis, which is extra buildup on the inner walls of large blood vessels, restricting the flow of blood. Each year 12, 000- 24,000 people lose their sight because of diabetes. Right now it is the number one leading cause of blindness for people between 20 and 74. Blindness is caused by diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy disease results from opposing effects on the blood vessels which supply the retina. Diabetics are 17 times more likely to develop kidney disease. Ten to twenty-one percent of all people with diabetes will eventually develop kidney disease. Kidney disease is due to diabetic nephropathy. Diabetic nephropathy is an impairment due to the long standing effects of diabetes on the microvasulature(one of the structures which comprise the functional unit in the kidney)of the kidney. Bibliography: www.health.com .

Smoking Ban in the United States of America

Introduction Historically, smoking is a practice that has existed for a long time. Ever since pre-rolled cigarettes were first introduced in the early 1900s, â€Å"the number of cigarettes smoked around the world has risen each year. Today, it is estimated that over 15 billion cigarettes are smoked every day† (Mason 13).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Smoking Ban in the United States of America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The shocking thing is that even though the number of cigarettes smoked in some countries is falling, overall consumption continues to extend. This has been attributed to two main reasons. These reasons are, first, â€Å"selling more cigarettes in poor countries has been on the increase. Secondly, the expanding world population has contributed to this increase† (Mason 16). Smoking in the United States of America has been under scrutiny, for instance, studies revealed that smok ing was still a male preserve from 1965 to 1993 (Haustein and Groneberg 60). In addition, â€Å"smoking prevalence was highest among the people who were living below the poverty line, blue collar workers, single or divorced people and military personnel† (Haustein and Groneberg 73). Historically, tobacco is a plant that thrived in Louisiana. This plant thrives in this state where it is used to be cultivated on large scale. Farmers use to thrive on this plant when they can collect revenue of it (Billings 279). Dr. Alston Ochsner, a famed medical doctor and researcher, carried out studies which led him to conclude that smoking was associated to cancer. From his findings, he concluded, â€Å"Only four percent of lung cancer is not linked to smoking thus it was preventable cancer† (Pyle 9). These findings were instrumental in the formulation of policies which were against smoking in Louisiana. Currently, the state of Louisiana is smoke free in the public places. This law c ame into control on January 1, 2007 as a consequence of massive lobbying by the antismoking arm of the state residents and organizations. Essentially, this law ensures that the local government has the ability to supervise and expand the smoke free zones. This is aimed at protecting the non-smoking people within the state. According to the state, this is viewed as a major step in the direction of public health. Despite all these advancements, there is another side of the coin. This has been characterized by the fact that businesses are coming out stating that their companies have had negative implications with regard to this ban. For instance, there has been a report that the number of sales reduced in some of the businesses. Notwithstanding this fact, many countries have joined the list to ban smoking in public places. The bans which have been effected in these countries have either been partial or complete depending on the legislation of these particular countries. Some of the cou ntries which have been affected by these bans are Albania, Argentina, United Kingdom, Australia, Denmark, Brazil and Austria. In these countries, regulations have been enforced to ensure that there are restricted areas where smoking can be tolerated, such as entertainment spots, and there are areas where it is illegal.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are many reasons as to why the ban for smoking has been upheld. Some of them have been associated with health reasons. Nicotine is a component which is found in tobacco. Nicotine has a high affinity for being absorbed into the blood, especially when it is smoked. This is because it enters the lungs and is absorbed into the blood stream with a high degree of frequency. When person smokes, nicotine enters the brain rapidly. This is characterized with the peaking levels which take place within 10m seconds of inhaling the drug. C igarette smokers not only tend to die at an earlier age, but also have a higher probability of developing certain diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and broncho-pulmonary disease, than the non-smokers. Smoking does not just affect only the smoker, it also affects the person who does not smoke. These are people who are exposed to the smoke which comes off the end of the cigarette that the smoker has not inhaled. This smoke joins the environment and is inhaled by the secondary party from there. Thus, it is important to note that secondary persons get to smoke through two main ways. First, it is smoke which is usually not filtered from a cigarette’s burning end and secondly, it is smoke which is exhaled from the smoker himself. The secondary smoke is dangerous to the people who are found within the environment of the persons who are concerned. This is because these people are usually exposed to the risks of the smoke just like the smoker, some of the diseases whic h they are exposed to include lung disease, emphysema, and heart diseases. This smoke is especially harmful to the children because children’s systems tolerate smoke at a more complex level than the adults. Coworkers are also exposed to the risk. It is not the doctors who oppose smoking, businesses have also been on record with regard to supporting the ban. This is because the risks associated with smoking. For instance, the advocates of the antismoking express concern over the health of their employees who are smokers. This is due to the health concerns which are or have been concerned with smoking. For instance, the smokers are likely to have high health care costs owing to their harmful habits. In addition to this, there is a negative implication to the non-smokers who work with or seek the services of the businessmen. Furthermore, some businesses hold the opinion, â€Å"creating a smoke free work place is the easiest policy to adopt, as well as the least expensive and th e most health conscious† (Bray 289). This is in line with the following benefits which are associated with the smoking ban. Bray states that â€Å"A smoking ban will best support the wellness program of goals of helping the employees quit smoking and protecting nonsmokers from harmful effects of secondhand smoke† (291). There is a consensus among those who support antismoking that the campaigns which have been staged by the pro smoking brigade have been exaggerated. This has led to studies which have revealed that numerous health care campaigns have had devastating psychological effects on the people who have been smoking.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Smoking Ban in the United States of America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition to this, more studies suggest that on the issue of heart disease risk, the non-smoker’s risk of getting that disease is quite low as compared to that whi ch was purported initially. Some scientific reports conclude that the risk associated with smoking in regard to the non smokers was too small to support the smoking ban. This ban has major implications on the business premises and the business owners. This is because empirical evidence suggests that due to the ban, to support smoking has become costlier than before. This is because it has resulted into most businesses being forced to come up with services cater for the irritated customers owing to the anti-smoking regulations as well as having to take care of the employees who may be non smokers who are working in a smoking environment. It is also worth noting that the issue of smoking or not smoking is an individual issue which protects the constitutional right of the smoker. This implies that when the government imposes the non smoking campaigns, it denies other people’s rights to make decisions which is not in line with the constitution. This has had a major issue with the effect on businesses where some smokers or non smokers have kept away due to the policies either of the business supports. It is worth noting that this debate is not about to end. This implies that there are people who will still favor the smoking habits, and there are those who will be of the idea that smoking is not as it is purported to be tainted. Furthermore, the issue of constitutional rights also needs to be put into perspective due to the fact that it has been argued that the smoking ban imposes decisions on citizens who have the ability to make their own choices. It is important to look at this matter from both sides of the coin. What are the precise implications of this ban on both the smokers and the non smokers? Studies should ensure that they remain as impartial as impossible to ensure that the directions which are taken with the policy formulators are in the right perspective. On evaluating closely the subject of the constitution, the United States of America constitu tion grants individual rights. Some of them, such as freedom of speech, religion, assembly and the right to bear arms are explicit in the document. Others have been inferred by the United States court, such as the right to privacy and bodily integrity. Thus, to arrive at a conclusion on which side to support, â€Å"it follows both the scientific conclusions should be impartial as well as the right interpretation of the constitution† (Riegelman 69). Even as this ban is gradually gaining momentum and being embraced holistically across the globe, it is important to establish measures to ensure that it does not have negative effects on the smokers. It is therefore necessary to ensure that support groups and health services centers are assisting people who might be having smoking problems. So, the fight against smoking will be won gradually.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Works Cited Billings, E. R. Tobacco: Its History, Varieties, Culture, Manufacture and Commerce. Middlesex: Echo Library, 2008. Print. Bray, Ilona M. Healthy Employees, Healthy Business: Easy, Affordable Ways to Promote Workplace Wellness. California: Nolo, 2009. Print. Haustein, Knut-Olaf and David Groneberg. Tobacco Or Health?: Physiological and Social Damages Caused by Tobacco Smoking. New York: Springer, 2009. Print. Mason, Paul. Know the Facts about Drinking and Smoking. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, 2009. Print. Pyle, Dr. Hugh F. How to Quit Smoking Without Pills, Pain Or Panic. Tennessee: Sword of the Lord Publishers, 2000. Print. Riegelman, Richard K. Public Health 101: Healthy People–Healthy Populations. Sadbury, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning, 2009. Print. This essay on Smoking Ban in the United States of America was written and submitted by user Makenzie U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Responce to Barthes Essay Camera Lucida †Photography Essay

Responce to Barthes Essay Camera Lucida – Photography Essay Free Online Research Papers Responce to Barthes Essay Camera Lucida English In Barthe’s essay â€Å"Camera Lucida†, we see an analysis of the photo in terms of the studium and the punctum. The studium for the most part produces the unary photo, which merely reproduces ‘reality’ or a single uniform idea, whereas the presence of a punctum means this cohesiveness is fragmented, disturbed. This punctum may be something outside the control of the photographer, which escapes the encompassing ‘meaning’ of the photo and adds more to it in our subjective view. The punctum, then, is very personal, and could be different for everyone. So in say Timothy O’Sullivan’s Desert Sand Hills, the punctum is the sets of footprints that lead towards me and signal the presence of the person behind the camera, breaking up the unary ‘reality’ of the photo and bringing the method of its production to the fore the fact that it is not unadulterated ‘reality’ but is a recreation, a representation, carefully set up and staged maybe more than once. It exposes the falsity, the ‘staginess’ of the image, and makes it more interesting, maybe more likeable and accessible, and make s me think or critique, not just observe. Research Papers on Responce to Barthe's Essay Camera Lucida - Photography EssayAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementWhere Wild and West MeetMind TravelIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalBringing Democracy to AfricaEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanThe Spring and AutumnAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of Self

Essay on HIV and AIDS

Essay on HIV and AIDS Writing an essay on AIDS and HIV is a common experience of graduates and university students in the faculties of science, medicine, sociology, humanities and other social sciences. When you need to write an essay on AIDS and HIV, you need to be quite proficient in related terminology and their global image. AIDS is the abbreviated word use for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and HIV is the name of virus causing AIDS. People who are HIV positive or who are career of HIV virus may not have AIDS, but they are more prone to get the disease in the years to come if HIV virus becomes active. When you teacher asks you to write an essay on AIDS and HIV, you should do the following step by step: Essay on AIDS and HIV needs a clear conceptual understanding of the subject. You need to do a little research on what is AIDS, what is HIV at first. Then you need to know the causes and methods of disease spread. People have a limited understanding about this disease globally, there is a need to add  explanatory concepts in your essay on AIDS and HIV. When you write an essay on HIV you   need to focus on virus only, dont talk much about AIDS. When you are writing an essay on AIDS, just focus on AIDS and its related issues after introducing the HIV. When you need to do an essay on AIDS and HIV topics, you can refer to medical journals too. Aids essay and HIV essay are two different things leading to the same discussion; you need to differentiate while writing. Essay on Aids and essay on HIV require a little understanding of medical principles as well. Essay on AIDS and HIV can be written with a little understanding and comprehension of the concept. You can get help on Essay on AIDS and HIV from different sources including online sources. You can also acquire good custom Essays on HIV and AIDS from different online sources. The best way to find a quality Essay on AIDS and HIV is to see for the reliable companies. Reliable companies have a proven success record of custom writing. One of the reliable companies in custom writing business is CustomWritings.com. Writers at our company have expertise in writing Essay on AIDS and HIV   in MLA, APA, Harvard, Turabian, or Oxford style . They know the complexity of referencing and in text citation. Company has fool proof plagiarism control and prevention system. When you need any HIV and AIDS essay help or you need to buy a good quality original Essay on AIDS and HIV, you must visit us and place your order for a trouble free quality service.

Thinking and Decision Making Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Thinking and Decision Making - Term Paper Example Generally, the reasoning put emphasis on the intellectual aspect of thinking. In addition, reasoning using ideas and meanings enables people to come to conclusions in the form of decisions. In thinking, analyzing the ideas and meanings in different ways involves elements of thought, generating reasoning, and leading to conclusion. The elements of thought include purpose, problem, conclusions, facts, assumptions, concepts, implications, and point of view (Paul & Elder, 2006). People think differently with some thinking systematically being referred to as analytical thinkers, whereas others think intuitively. Generally, people think with either the right or left hemisphere of brain dominance, though scholars encourage use of both hemispheres. According to Marquis & Huston (2008), people with the upper-left- brain dominance are analytical thinkers who like to work with factual data and numbers solving problems in a logical and rational way, while people with the lower-left-brain dominan ce are very organized and detail oriented, and like to work in a stable environment, value safety and security over risking. (p. 16) Based on the brain dominance, four different thinking styles exist, but this paper will discuss only three. Logical Thinking Thinking logically and selecting reasoning fallacies from one’s thinking and other’s thinking is the basis of critical thinking. ... Deductive reasoning involves use of syllogism, which is a three-step form of reasoning with two premises and a conclusion. There are three classes of syllogisms: the categorical, the hypothetical, and the disjunctive syllogisms. Categorical Syllogisms A categorical syllogism is an argument that involves statements that either affirm or deny that a subject is a member of a certain class or has certain property (Kirby & Goodpaster, 2007, Pg.157). An example of categorical syllogism is as follows: MAJOR PREMISE—All our teachers are tall MINOR PREMISE—Tom is one of our teachers CONCLUSION—Tom is tall. Tall is the predicate in this case because it is the property or class given to the subject found in premise and conclusion. Indeed, syllogisms are valid when the argument from premises to conclusion is accurate. Hypothetical Syllogisms A pure hypothetical syllogism is one in which the two premises, and the conclusion are hypothetical or conditional, and they normally t ake the form â€Å"if-then statements† (Kirby & Goodpaster, 2007, P.184). Disjunctive Syllogisms This is the kind of syllogism that involves use of â€Å"either† or â€Å"or† statements. Reasoning error of affirming a nonexclusive disjunct using â€Å"or† in a nonexclusive manner sometimes involves disjunctive syllogism. Inductive thinking normally â€Å"begins with a set of evidence or observations about some members of a class, or about some events† (Kirby & Goodpaster, 2007, P.197). Based on the evidence or observations, one makes a conclusion regarding other members of the class or about some events. The conclusion of inductive reasoning is normally highly probable, as they do not follow the observations with certainty. Scientific thinking Scientific thinking involves a structured way of reasoning

Small business taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Small business taxation - Essay Example Similarly, some activities of the incorporated may be economically similar to those of the unincorporated small businesses. These activities may be similar in economic terms but they are different legally and in terms of rights and obligations. Crawford and Freedman suggest that these different types of entities could be treated in the same way for tax purposes, but it may not be achievable to do so in a straight forward manner because differences in legal forms between such entities have significant practical implications on taxation. Some of the treatments of taxation of employees and self-employed people may be based on receipts and tax rates. Providing the same tax treatment in relation to receipts may not be possible because receipts vary in nature (Crawford & Freedman, 2008). Business receipts cannot be equated to employees’ receipts. Business receipts need to be treated under rules that may derive profit figure. Furthermore, receipts of companies still require to be deducted for the payment of salaries or shareholders’ dividends. In terms of similar tax rate across the small business spectrum, aligning tax rates to on different levels of income across the incorporated and unincorporated small businesse s requires the analysis of tax charged at both corporate and personal level. This is structurally difficult. The second reason why it is not possible to treat the two types of entities similarly in terms of tax rates and receipts for taxation purposes is because there is a trend in which labour is taxed differently from capital. Higher taxes are often levied on labour than on capital. This causes differentials in tax treatment for different small businesses. Due to this differential in tax rates, there is an incentive of reduced taxes for converting labour income into capital income if possible (Crawford & Freedman, 2008). Incorporation of a small or big business leads to higher scope of conversion of labour income such

Choosing a Right University Essay Example for Free

Choosing a Right University Essay Choosing a university is a serious life-decision, because a university is a model of the real world and a place to stay for four years. In a university, we can chase for genuine knowledge, expand social networking, and learn about how to interact with people, etc. If we choose the wrong school, we might miss a lot of opportunities to learn and experience. In order to choose the right university, we have three important factors to consider: academic resources, activity resources, and accessibility. Since studying is the first priority for a university student, there is no doubt that we should first consider whether the school contains the academic resources that fit our interest . On one hand, if the students have interests in disciplinary fields, then they should choose a comprehensive university instead of a single field university. On the other hand, for students who have interest in specific field, they should choose the school that is dominant in that particular field. That is to say, to investigate whether the school owns the academic capability of the field that we are curious about is vital. Besides studying, how the students spend their free time is the second important factor to think about. Do the students spend all their spare time fooling around, or play on-line games? Or do they have various opportunities to experience life? In other words, we have to know whether the school offers chances of meaningful experiences for student to explore the world, such as international conferences, enlightened speeches, exchange programs, volunteering works and student clubs, etc. After viewing academic and extracurricular resources provided by the school, we can then take a look at the accessibility of the school. The reason why the accessibility of school need to be considered carefully is because there are still lots of things happen out of the campus. For example, exhibitions, intern, and speeches etc. all take place in the city center. As a result, we need to check whether we have the convenient access to the city center, for having chances to get connection with the real world. Choosing an ideal university is a complicated matter, but follow the factors which mentioned above might help us cross out some unsuitable options. To conclude, first is to know about the academic background of the school, then to see what extracurricular opportunities the school offers, and finally to know whether the access from to the real world is convenient or not.

Essay on Obsession in Frankenstein and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde

Obsession in Frankenstein and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Webster defines obsession to be "Compulsive, often anxious preoccupation with a fixed idea or unwanted emotion." Or, "A compulsive, usually irrational idea or emotion." The strange thing about obsession is the absolute inability of the person, once obsessed, to understand their own actions in retrospect. Both Victor Frankenstien, of Marry Shelley’s Frankenstein, and Henry Jekyll, of Robert Louis Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde fit the criteria of one who is obsessed. With Victor Frankenstien, obsession came in the form of a lust for fame. Victor’s own word reflect his inability to understand or control his own actions. "a groan burst from his heaving breast. †¦ he spoke, in broken accents: Unhappy man! Do you share my madness? Have you drunk also of the intoxicating draught? Hear me; let me reveal my tale, and you will dash the cup from your lips!" Victor describes his actions as those of a man possessed by "madness," or one who is "intoxicated." In his refusal to take personal responsibility for his actions, he blames (four times ) destiny or fate. Victor’s actions are those of a man possessed by his own desires, turning a blind eye to the possible consequences of his actions until the completion of the event by which he was obsessed. Upon succeeding in reanimating a dead body, or more accurately the composition of parts from various dead bodies from both human and animal bodies, Victor recoils in horro r. "How can I describe my emotions at ... ...f for, are of no concern when compared to those of Victor and Henry. And yet, I think of them as being quite destructive in my own world. I suppose that by reading these novels, I can learn from their mistakes. Or, perhaps more honestly, I am obsessed with the vicarious thrill and terror that I experience through them. I hope, for my sake, that the former is true. Perhaps the reason I enjoyed these readings so much is that I identify with both Victor and Henry to a small extent. I know from experience that I am capable of being captured by an idea or desire. Perhaps the reason I so vehemently abhor the actions of these two characters is that I secretly fear that I would be susceptible to the same weaknesses that they were. Indeed, perhaps we all are.

Health Care Access Options Essay

Community can be defined as a social group of any size whose members reside in a specific locality, share government, and often have a common cultural and historical heritage (Dictionary.com, 2015). The health care needs of a community are contingent upon age, gender, race, and social class. This paper will address the marketing strategy of a web-based resource, walk-in clinic, and a retail clinic within one community. Research will cover the audience in which the organizations wish to target, how they market to The target audience, the effectiveness, and what could be done differently to improve marketing strategies. The Health Resources and Services Administration Maternal and Child Health web page is dedicated to helping women improve the health and wellness of their communities. The wealth of information provided allows women to educate themselves on a variety of topics. The mission of the Bright Futures for Women’s Health and Wellness Initiative (BFWHW) is to plan, develo p, implement, and evaluate a variety of culturally competent, evidence-based consumer, provider, and community tools for women across their lifespan. Materials help women of all ages achieve better physical, emotional, social, and spiritual health by encouraging healthy practices (US Health Resources & Services Administration, 2015). By providing easily downloaded toolkits or an 800 number if internet is not available, BFWHW targets the female audience effectively. By choosing to target only women, the site narrows its market. To improve and broaden their market, the site might add information that target men to educate first time fathers, suggest helpful tips for helping around the house, and provide information or links to support groups for men and teenagers. Cigna Urgent Care is the community walk in clinic. The featured services provided include primary care and pediatrics. Specialty services include outpatient surgery, podiatry, neurology, pharmacy, Health for seniors, imagery, and vision  centers (Cigna HealthCare of Arizona, 2015). The clinic provides care for every age, infants to seniors. Open to the public 365 days ou t of the year, and staff board certified doctors to treat a wide variety of conditions. One Saturday a month, the clinic offers well check-up appointments for women only. Targeting all audiences, with a focus on women’s health for convenience. Cigna also targets senior health, providing health education classes. The website allows easy access to information and is user-friendly. The marketing strategy is effective with olive branches extended to all generations, easy access to information, and several locations. Individuals can now receive health care services while shopping for groceries. CVS introduced minute clinic over a decade ago and now have over 800 locations nationwide (CVSHealth, 1999-2014). Targeting audiences that have very little time to schedule an appointment with a primary care physician, the minute clinics offer walk-in services for a variety of health care needs. Staffed by nurse practitioners and physicians assistants that specialize in family health care (CVSHealth, 1999-2014). The minute clinics accept most health insurance and offer flexible and affordable payment options to individuals with no health insurance or those who are underinsured (CVSHealth, 1999-2014). Practitioners diagnose, treat and write prescriptions for common family illnesses such as strep throat, bladder infections, pink eye, and infections of the ears, nose, and throat (CVSHealth, 1999-2014). Provide common vaccinations for flu, pneumonia, pertussis and hepatitis. (CVSHealth, 1999-2014). Treat minor wounds, abrasions, joint sprains, and skin conditions such as poison ivy, ringworm, lice, and acne. Provide a broad range of wellness services including TB testing, sports and camp physicals, and lifestyle programs such as smoking cessation and a medically based weight loss programs (CVSHealth, 1999-2014). Offer routine lab tests, instant results and education for those with diabetes, high cholesterol or high blood pressure (CVSHealth, 1999-2014). Provide care for adults and children 18 months and older for most services and share records with primary care provider with patient permission (CVSHealth, 1999-2014). The website offers a price list for all services provided, as well as educational information for a variety of health care issues. Being the official sports physical provider of Pop Warner Football, and official retail medical clinic of USA Football (CVSHealth, 1999-2014). is an  effective marketing strategy to target sports organizations in the community. The CVS minute clinic is successful in reaching all target audiences. The three health care organizations researched used effective marketing strategies to reach the target audience. Without research and effective marketing, an organization will set itself for failure. Targeting the desirable audience is the key to successf ul community clinics. References Cigna HealthCare of Arizona. (2015). Cigna Medical Group. Retrieved from http://www.cigna.com Communities. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved January 30, 2015, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/communities CVS.com. (1999-2014). Retrieved from http://www.cvs.com/minuteclinic/services CVSHealth. (1999-2014). Minute Clinic. Retrieved from http://www.cvs.com For Kids To Do. (2015). Retrieved from http://forkidstodo.net US Health Resources & Services Administration. (2015). HRSA. Retrieved from http://mchb.hrsa.gov/womenshealth/resources

Pure High Note Essay

A Pure, High Note of Anguish† by: Barbara Kingsolver Barbara Kingsolver’s â€Å"A Pure, High Note of Anguish,† expresses her painful grief in seeing innocent people die without having done anything to deserve it. To Americans, Kingsolver says â€Å"There are no worse days, it seems,† referring that 9/11 is the worst thing that’s ever happened in the world. Kingsolver symbolizes the children dancing in the street as the hatred that other countries have against the United States. Kingsolver believes asking, â€Å"Will this happen to me? is the wrong question because almost always people die without having done anything to deserve it. To Kingsolver, people almost always die without having done anything to deserve it. To this I agree. Over 3,000 people were killed during the attacks in New York City and Washington, D. C. , including more than 400 police officers and firefighters (History). As of June 2006, 1577 Louisiana residents had been confirmed as deceased as a result of Katina (Sharkey). Motor vehicle crashes in the United States result in more than 40,000 deaths per year (Hitti). Each year globally, 12. million people learn they have cancer, and 7. 6 million people die from the disease (CDC). As most people would think, every one of these victims are innocent people who do not deserve to die. As seen above, these causes of deaths can be from attacks, natural disasters, accidents, and diseases. Death is something that occurs in nature and it is both inevitable and final (Cole). No one knows when, where or how they will die. The only thing that is certain is no one deserves to die. Kingsolver states â€Å"There are no worst days, it seems,† meaning that this is the worst thing that has ever happened in the world. Maybe it was the worst thing to happen in the world at that time, but for all of history no. On December 26th, 2004, in Southeast Asia an earthquake occurred out at sea in the Indian Ocean, which immediately caused a deadly tsunami to happen. An estimated 230,000 people died (Wikramanayake). Do we Americans believe that is the worst thing to ever happen in the world? Of course not because we think 9/11 is the worst thing to ever happen to us. â€Å"September 11, 2001, stands as the defining event of the 21st century. It was the worst day of my life and the best day. It was the worst day because of the incomprehensible death, destruction and evil. September 11 was also the best day because it put on display the very finest human instincts — compassion, courage, kindness, selflessness† (Giuliani). These are the words of former New York Mayor Rudi Giuliani, who was the mayor during 9/11. Kingsolver’s child was wondering why there were children dancing in the streets after the news of 9/11. I actually thought the same and remember vividly watching when this occurred on the news. Kingsolver symbolizes these children dancing in the streets as people showing their hatred towards the United States. Everybody knows there has been much anti-Americanism in the Middle East (Tooley). Yet it is undeniable that many Middle Easterners have good reason, from their perspective, to hate the USA (Tooley). In Iraq, for example, it would be amazing indeed if the ferocious death rate among civilians — especially children — since the embargo and the steady number of civilian casualties from our continued bombing had not created feelings of hatred which would give cause for celebration now (Tooley). Kingsolver and others believe that our country needed to learn how to hurt from these attacks. I believe that is true and that we have also overcome the hurt. Al Qaeda’s intentions of these attacks were to break the United States down. But I believe that it only made the United States stronger as a nation and more aware of threats against us. Psychologically, the nation joined together in a unity that had not been seen since the end of World War II (Jensen). When it comes to our national security and our awareness of the threat from Islamic extremists, we are better prepared than we were but not as prepared as we should be. Our intelligence base is better and our airport security is better, for all its frustrations,† (Giuliani). â€Å"Will this happen to me? is the wrong question, I’m sad to say. † The question should really be, when will this happen to me? That question is unknown to everyone. No one can predict the moment of death (Scott). People wake up each day and have no clue what will happen to them.

The Body Shop strategy Essays

The Body Shop strategy Essays The Body Shop strategy Paper The Body Shop strategy Paper Essay Topic: Marketing On March 26th 1976 a young lady of 33 by the name of Anita Roddick who had a deep rooted passion for environmental activism and no prior business knowledge decided to open a small store in Brighton by the name of The Body Shop selling natural based, self mixed beauty produce that she had discovered from her travels throughout the South Pacific and Africa. Her main aim at the time was to support her husband who was travelling around America and their 2 young children. With the advice to try and earn  £300 a week from Gordon her husband she set about The Body Shops raise to global fame and influence. With just 25 hand mixed products in her Brighton store in 1976 and each product having 5 different bottle sizes to simply bulk up the shops shelves she has managed to transform the organisation to be harbouring over 1,954 stores world wide today. (Mintel : 03) The question has to be asked how has a woman with no prior business knowledge or education managed to achieve such a feat? Is Business knowledge meaningless? Were Body Shop simply headless and happen to stumble along the correct path? Or has The Body Shop operated cleverly and adopted unique strategies to differentiate themselves away from the norm? Throughout the following text we will discover the way in which The Body Shops historic strategy brought about its rise to world wide status and then later its decline. We will see the way the company has adjusted its strategy to try and halt this. This will then be followed by the evaluation of how both Porters five forces and SWOT analysis models may account for their success and the way in which they deal with the esoteric aspect of the body shops way of doing business. Corporate Strategy is concerned with the overall purpose and scope of the organisation to meet the expectations of owners or major stakeholders and add value to the different parts of the enterprise (Johnson, Scholes: 11) Since the early days of The Body Shop its strategy has always been to stand out and be different from the rest, the company statement alone portrays this The Body Shop International, A company with a difference (Company Statement) In fact The Body Shop was so different it was the first company to open up a new niche market with its natural based products. This strategy of going against the motion of traditional business practices was fundamental toward the rise of Body Shop. The body Shop was and still is based on the following business ethics as shown in figure one. In figure one we can see that The Body Shops aims differ substantially from most organisations in that it places emphasis on its ethical, social and environmental responsibility. This is shown by Anita Roddick saying: I would rather be measured by how I treat weaker and frailer communities I trade with than by how great are my profits (Body Shop international case Mintzberg, Quinn, Ghoshol : 99, 451) Many companies simply do not operate on this level and this one stance alone that differentiates Body Shop from the rest of its market. Consumers are fully aware of companies desires to obtain the biggest profits at almost any legal cost to the environment or society. Anita opened The Body Shop at a time when Europe was becoming greener, organisations such as green peace were being founded, knowledge and media interest were also on the rise so a company promoting good environmental ethics that concerned consumers brought about a large interest in the company. Therefore timing was also a key component of their strategy and this is acknowledged by Anita I am aware that success is more than a good idea. It is timing too. The Body Shop arrived just as Europe was going green (AnitaRoddick.com) Another key component for the company was Anita Roddicks ability to handle the media. Since the beginning of Body Shop she has used the media as her major tool of strategy in her search for success. Ever since she opened her shop in Brighton next door to two Funeral companies and was sued for her ironic choice of name she has used the media masterfully and to great advantage. The Body Shop never advertised in the conventional way. Usually advertising took place in an indirect way, not through the company but by word of mouth or through editorial coverage in magazines and newspapers. Roddick herself estimates that she generated around 2 million pound a year of free publicity (Body Shop international case Mintzberg, Quinn, Ghoshol : 99, 453) The press liked Anita and being forward with her opinions made her very quotable, in a sense they worked off each other. For the consumer this lack of conventional marketing really went against the usual ways of the beauty and cosmetics industry. Over 85 percent of its costs are packaging and advertising, The Body Shop simply ignores this. Charles Revlon founder of Revlon said In the store we sell hope, We are a dream machine (Body Shop international case Mintzberg, Quinn, Ghoshol : 99, 453) The Body Shop simply say There are no magic potions, no miracle cures, no rejuvenating creams, skin care products can do nothing more than cleanse, polish and protects thats it end of story! (Body Shop international case Mintzberg, Quinn, Ghoshol : 99, 448) This educates its consumers to know what to expect when purchasing Body Shop produce. No false hopes just the notion to simply to inform, usually via products labels, media. However as the early nineties arrived this strategy came under threat. Questions arose regarding the authenticity of The Body Shop claims of using natural products. Body Shop stepped down from this stance and acknowledged that some ingredients were in fact synthetic preservatives. They also had to step down from the claim that they didnt test their products on animals as they could not guarantee that this was the case with some third world suppliers. Instead they Are against animal testing These cases along with becoming the victim of its own success with ever increasing competition in its market we have seen Body Shops power and sales decline. Operating profits in the UK were just 4.9 Million with an operating profit margin of just 8.4% this was down by 57.0% since 1994 and the international profit margin was also down by 18.7% between 94-99. Shown in figure 2 (source: Mintel) These results brought about a large stimulus for change of strategy. In 1999 The Body Shop underwent an organisational and management shake-up which intended to reposition the group and rejuvenate its performance. Out went Anita Roddick and in came the likes of A. Bellamy (Executive Chairman), A Murray (Finance director) P. Saunders (Chief Executive Officer). Their new strategy started to run itself round cutting costs and improving efficiency. No longer were they manufacturing their own goods as they began to outsource to cut company costs. By February 2000 they had sold its Littlehampton manufacturing business to COSi. (Mintel: 03) It also saw of change of strategy regarding its marketing. They have moved from it stance against marketing and have now advertised through strategic advertising in select media and in terms of posters and billboards. They are slowing down the fast global expansion of The Body Shop through franchising and building to place resources in existing stores and buy existing franchises. This falls into the strategy of tighter control, costs and working capital to increase the profitability and cash generation. Its appears that despite core competences remaining with regards to ethics and social responsibility, well on the outside at least, Body Shop are trying to steady themselves among the raising competition whilst still trying to differentiate their selves. Theoretical and decision making models are a responsible way of accounting for an over view of the Body Shops success and Failure. I will discuss the following two frame works of SWOT (Design school, Mintzberg, Andrews) linked with the resource based ideology and Porters five forces (Positioning School, Porter: 85) we will over look the Body Shops Strategy by inserting the relative data into each frame work and then discussing it with reference to how the model deals with the esoteric aspects of body shops way of doing business. A swot analysis summarises the key issues from an analysis of the business environment and strategic capability of an organisation (Johnson, Scholes: 190) From SWOT analysis as written above a company is able to get an idea of its external environment and thus be able to exploit its competitors. Looking in Figure three we can see the SWOT analysis for The Body Shop in its current state. The SWOT analysis is spilt into four sections of analysis Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats and from this we can see the some of the strategies that have taken the Body Shop forward yet we can also assume the factors that have held it back. Take for example in the strengths section we can see most of the key historic and current strategies that have propelled Body Shop to its world wide status. The focus on its strong ethical and environmental credentials as well as its franchising schemes is seen as its major strengths. These have been with the company since the start and the companies strong ethical and environmental stance can be seen as its core competency that raises the company above its competition. The Weaknesses and threats in the analysis chart bring forth the concerns and challenges that face The Body Shop today. Suffering from its earlier success it shows how the competition has increased. An earlier SWOT analysis would have contained more capital and expansion threats and weaknesses as they were a new company starting in a new niche market now as Body Shop become Mature and its market exposed many firms have joined the band wagon of going green and being environmentally friendly. Most natural beauty retailers such as boots, LOreal are against animal testing and competition of natural products is ever increasing with supermarkets now producing their own brands. So how The body Shop differentiates itself, manages its weaknesses and exploits its opportunities is a now dilemma that Body Shop must face. Five forces analysis is a means of identifying the forces which affect the level of competition in an industry (Johnson, Scholes: 1998) M. Porter sees competition as the core of the success or failure of firms (Wit, Meyer : 345) and that the essence of formulating competitive strategy is by relating a company to its environment (Porter: 3) Therefore he designed a frame workforce to that shows state of competition in an industry which is based around five forces. We can see these five forces and what they involve in figure 4. As we can see it is in a rather simplified format regarding the amount of the detail it goes into. Porter actually goes into more depth and detail regarding his texts, therefore simplified models of the five forces are not as informative as it could possibly be so should be considered as a framework for further analysis. However for use in the case of Body Shop and the word constraint it still can provide us with a useful knowledge of the environment that Body Shop is facing and how it accounts for it success and failings Firstly considering the threat of substitution for Body Shop products we can consider this to be high. Body Shop is in direct competition with the beauty industry both natural and unnatural. As competition in its niche market increases substitution becomes a bigger threat. This is certainty is a hindrance to Body Shop currently. However the threat of substitutes has actually helped in this case, Porter asks the question of whether or not a substitute poses the threat of obsolescence to a firms product or service, or actually provides a higher perceived benefit or value (wit, meyer : 120) This covers the case of the Body Shop actually providing beauty products but actually only providing natural ones. This means that Body Shop in the case of this model have been able to add value by offering a natural alternative to typical ones, this has been one of the key factors of The Body Shops success. Therefore this section of the model accounts for both success and failure for the Body Shop. The potential entrants force also provides an account of the success of the Body Shop. Porter states that the treat on entry is dependant on barriers to entry. Within the six major forces that affect the barriers we can account for the product differentiation of Body Shop acting as an entry barrier. During the 80s Body Shop had established itself as the original and leading retailer of natural based cosmetics with a good brand image. This formed a consumer loyalty base and has acted as a deterrent for potential entrants, as building a brand up is very costly especially against the flow of success that the Body Shop were experiencing. This barrier is perhaps the most important entry barrier for baby products, over the counter drugs, cosmetics (Porter :9) All of which are connected also with the SWOT analysis of the firm. However as the nineties came forth Body Shop suffered some damaging anti natural claims as well an apparent lack of ability to re-invent itself possibly saw the consumer become accustomed to Body Shop as well as possibly becoming down hearted with body shops reversal on some of its claims. Then seemed a good time for more competitors to try and enter the market. Larger cosmetics companies such as LOreal, Boots had resources to be able to defeat another major barrier of Porters in regards to distribution channels. These competitors already had secure logical forms of distribution in terms for their numerous stores both nationally and globally. This gives them a substantial starting base to promote their selves within a new product market. Supermarkets are now also using distribution channels as a means of entering the natural cosmetics sectors. Both Asda and Sainsburys have their own ranges already as well a massive store base.

How Depth of Knowledge Drives Learning and Assessment

How Depth of Knowledge Drives Learning and Assessment Depth of Knowledge- also referred to as DOK- refers to the depth of understanding required to answer or explain an assessment-related item or a classroom activity. The concept of depth of knowledge was developed in the 1990s through research by Norman L. Webb,  a scientist at the Wisconsin Center for Education Research. DOK Background Webb originally developed depth of knowledge for mathematics and science standards. However, the model has been expanded and used in language arts, mathematics, science, and history/social studies. His model has increasingly become more popular in state assessment circles. The complexity of an assessment task is increasingly more difficult because the level often increases requiring multiple steps to complete. Does this mean that learning and assessment should not include level 1 tasks? On the contrary, learning and assessment should include a diversified set of tasks requiring students to exhibit a range of problem-solving skills within each level of complexity.  Webb identified four distinct depth of knowledge levels. Level 1 Level 1 includes basic recall of facts, concepts, information, or procedures- the rote learning or memorization of facts- an essential component of learning. Without a strong foundation of basic knowledge, students find it difficult to perform more complex tasks. Mastering level 1 tasks builds a foundation allowing students to attempt to complete higher-level tasks successfully. An example of level 1 knowledge would be: Grover Cleveland was the 22nd president of the United States, serving from 1885 to 1889. Cleveland was also the 24th president from 1893 to 1897. Level 2 Level 2 depth of knowledge  includes skills and concepts such as the use of information (graphs) or solving problems that require two or more steps with decision points along the way. The foundation of level 2 is that it often requires multiple steps to solve. You must be able to take what is there and fill in certain gaps. Students cannot simply recall the answer though some prior knowledge, as is the case with level 1. Students must be able to explain how or why in level 2 items. An example of a level 2 DOK would be: Compare and contrast a composite, cinder cone, and shield volcano. Level 3 Level 3 DOK includes strategic thinking that requires reasoning and is abstract and complex. Students must analyze and evaluate complex real-world problems with predictable outcomes. They must be able to reason their way through the problem logically.  Level 3 questions often require students to pull from multiple subject areas using a range of skills to come up with a solution that works. An example would be: Write a persuasive essay, citing evidence from other sources such as text, to convince your school principal to allow students to have and use their cell phones in class. Level 4 Level 4 includes extended thinking such as an investigation or application to solve complex real-world problems with unpredictable outcomes. Students must strategically analyze, evaluate, and reflect over time often having to change their approach on their way to coming up with an amicable solution. An  example of this level of knowledge would be: Invent a new product or create a solution that solves a problem or helps make things easier for someone within the confines of your school. DOK in the Classroom Most classroom assessments consist of level 1 or level 2 type questions. Level 3 and 4 assessments are more complex to develop, and they are also more difficult for teachers to score.  Yet, students need to be exposed to a variety of tasks at differing levels of complexity to learn and grow. Level 3 and 4 activities are challenging in different ways for both students and teachers, but they also offer many benefits that level 1 and level 2 activities cannot provide. Teachers would be best served by using a balanced approach when deciding how to implement depth of knowledge into their classrooms.

Graduation Speech of Pupils Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Graduation Speech of Pupils - Essay Example Indeed the education is expensive but it is even more expensive to play ignorant. Our parents have done everything not just pay our school fees but also provide us with the basic needs and see us to through our studies in a smooth manner. Teachers on their part have on a daily basis held our hands as we walk past the many milestones that define our eleven year journey of education. You taught us in class, you taught us out of class, offered moral support and encouraged us never to give up on our dreams. Surely, you teachers and parents have denied yourselves a lot and given to us more than enough. We have no better words thank you. I want to say that as we graduate, we need not be awarded with medals so as to prove that there is something very special within us. We are all blessed, talented and are worth a part on the back. This day is all about celebrating the talents and knowledge that walk away with as we graduate. I guess all for a long time have been imagining what the graduation day would look like. I admit that personally, I have vivid memories of every imagined scene about this day. To my fellow classmates, I must emphasize that this has been long journey marked with hard work so as to come out of here as changed persons. We did not imagine surviving the roller coaster ride of schooling and being here to celebrate eventually. Indeed this has been a long journey. As I come to the end, I must say what we are now through with is just but a milestone and it that time for us to move on to even bigger fights for our lives. All we learned in class and out of class while here will give us the base to stand on as get through the next stages of education. We learned not only formulas, poems, and other things in class but also life skills outside class. We learned how to work independently, in teams and more importantly to appreciate our friends in their uniqueness. Everything we

Self assessment paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Self assessment paper - Essay Example This shows that I am a people - focused individual living in a world of people possibilities and do have excellent people skills. Analysis My BIG 5 Personality Test also shows that I am an extrovert who shows concern with other people’s needs. It shows that I am a person who sets clear goals and ultimately pursues them with zeal and determination. People often regard me as a hardworking and a reliable person. This works very well with me as a team leader. I am also exceptionally calm, unflappable and composed and I do not retort with extreme emotions, even to situations that a good number people would depict as stressful. I also like thinking in plain terms and not in complexities. People consider me as conservative, practical and down-to-earth. This is ideal for my team as I am able to mingle and work well with other members to achieve good results. Personal Needs Description After a thorough self-assessment on my personal needs, I have extensively done a lot of soul-searchin g of myself and I have done a comprehensive analysis of who I am and a better understanding of myself. Analysis I have good listening skills, which I rely on to ensure that workers are more productive. My good listening skills have enabled me to better understand my team of workers and to know their expectations of me as a team leader. It helps me to build a rapport with my team and my superiors. Since I work better in a team-based environment, my listening skills have enabled me to show support, resolve problems with my team, answer questions correctly and find underlying meaning in what others say. I have tips that enable me to listen well which include maintaining eye contact, being attentive, nodding my head, leaning towards the speaker, never interrupting the speaker, always replicating instructions and soliciting suitable questions when the speaker has closed his address. As a good listener, I know that being attentive to what the speaker does not say is as important as being attentive to what he does say. I also look for non-verbal cues such as facial expressions and posture to get the full glimpse of what the speaker is telling me. I know I am a good listener since I know how to minimize external distractions in order to concentrate fully on what I am being told. I respond fully to the person speaking to me and focus solely on the main topic under discussion with an open mind to draw sufficient information from what is being said. I never take offense or become defensive even where the speaker criticizes me. Instead, I do take criticism positively and totally engage myself as I seek clarification (K Singh, 2012). Motivation is the reason for my actions. Motivation is the feelings and thoughts that make us covet to do something, persist in wanting to do it and turn our wishes into action. A number of factors that motivate me include money, bonuses, future promotion, my job, good working relationships, job security and a favorable working environment. I also do get a lot of motivation when I see satisfied team working under happy customers and me. I thrive in meeting my given deadlines and surpassing my targets. An enabling environment is essential to achieve desired goals; given that environment, I can and do surpass almost any work related target placed before me (Singh, 2012). Team Preference Roles Description On the team preference roles, I am both a gatekeeper and a moderate encourager since I have a strong tendency of encouraging my team

A Reaction To The Making Of The Hurricane Assignment

A Reaction To The Making Of The Hurricane - Assignment Example The paper gives detailed information about the movie "The Making of the Hurricane". This movie proves that there exist injustices in the world, including the criminal systems, which are supposed to be just. Close to the end of this bonus documentary, the producer admits that the movie attempts to unravel the injustices in the world. This is through its based on the life of Rubin Carter, a fighter with promise, who was incarcerated for something he did not do. The producer argues that injustices are existent in society, and these include racism, political injustices, among many other forms. Carter himself adds that the movie is based on redemption, specifically his redemption. He also notes that the movie is meant to inspire people in overcoming adversity in life. All these roots from the injustices that Carter had to undergo in his life. According to Carter, his rescue from the hands of injustice was a complete miracle. Similarly, another actress in the movie notes that injustices in society have persisted in various spheres, but the human spirit is strong enough to endure them. She considered Carter strong-hearted, because he underwent all that, and still manages to smile. From this documentary, I have learned new things about the whole issue surrounding Rubin Carter and generally, his life. Although the past events in Rubin’s life are quite known by different people, this documentary has revealed to me some surprising facts. First, I am surprised that in the process of shooting the movie, the crew kept in close contact with Rubin Carter.

The West Virginia 1985 Flood Essay Example for Free

The West Virginia 1985 Flood Essay The floods of November 1985 devastated much of West Virginia. Authorities called the record-breaking floods that began November 4 the worst this century. More than 3,500 homes and 180 businesses were wiped out. 123 bridges were destroyed or damaged and hundreds of thousands of farm animals were killed. 47 West Virginians lost their lives, 28 of whom resided in Pendleton and Grant counties. 33 of West Virginias 55 counties were declared disaster areas. Its highest winds moved at 85Â  mph (140Â  km/h). Damage was estimated at $570 million. Hurricane Juan was blamed for the floods throughout central and eastern West Virginia, which hit the Gulf Coast on Halloween and moved north. As a step towards recovery The Forest Service scientists at the Northern Research Station’s Fernow Experimental Forest near Parsons, West Virginia along with the West Virginia Division of Forestry and Virginia Tech University have been evaluating the effects of forestry activities on flooding. Important conclusions from these research efforts are:-Most hydrologic models are not designed to handle extreme events, such as flooding; therefore such models must be used as predictive tools with caution; The amount and intensity of rainfall are the main determinants of the level of peak flows (the largest peak flows result in flooding), and during very large storms, harvesting activities did not significantly affect peak flows; and Timber harvesting does not contribute significantly to flooding. The Chessie System workers had one span of the new girder bridge in place less than a week after the flood waters had receded. Instead of constructing another double track bridge, Chessie System decided to just build a single-track one and construct a new interlocking farther west on Cheat River grade near Carrico Road Xing this solved the urgent communication problem that had resulted due to the collapse of the of the bridge. A culvert was put in place to channel the rest of the water over the side. In any natural disaster, a communitys self-sufficiency is its best hope for a speedy recovery. West Virginians were the model of resiliency in the aftermath of the 1985 flood. Not only did they help their neighbors by donating food, clothing and money, but also they banded together to rebuild their communities.

General Electrics Quality Gamble Essay -- GCSE Business Six Sigma Cou

General Electric's Quality Gamble The Implementation of Six Sigma General Electric (GE) is among the most profitable companies and, according to Fortune magazine, the most admired. It stock is the most highly valued in the world. Some critics would argue, if it's not broke, why fix it? Jack Welch, CEO of GE, believes in the "infinite capacity to improve everything." Why does a company that has experienced so much success recently invests over a billion dollars in a quality initiative? Increased competition has GE adopting the attitude that businesses that stand still become obsolete as businesses that continue to grow pass them by. Also by implementing Six Sigma, GE is preparing itself for future profitability opportunities. Finally, research indicated a need for improvement in the way GE does business. GE had been straining for years to increase operating margin and six sigma is a way to do that. What is Six Sigma? Six sigma, the mother of all quality efforts, can mean different things to different organizations. The Six Sigma Academy defines it as tactics and tools to improve profitability through focusing on improving the sigma capability of an organization's processes. GE defines six sigma as first as a management philosophy; a never ending to competitive leadership by satisfying customer requirements profitability. Second they define it as a measurement system; a measure of a processes inherent ability to meet customer requirements. In general six sigma is a statistical non-financial performance measurement at which you should design, operate, and control every process in your company in such a way that none of yield more than 3.4 defects per million units of output. Six Sigma is a tool that measures in a clear, accurate, mathematical terms how good or bad their quality levels are, how much they can improve, and what progress they are making along the journey. On a global perspective, companies that have not begun their quality journey are around one or two sigma. The worldwide average is around three sigma. The majority of the companies utilizing six sigma in India are at a low two sigma. An average domestic company is at three sigma, while a good company is at three and a half. Today GE is around three and a half with goals of reaching six sigma by the year 2000. Companies operating at three to four sigma lo... ...reduced cycle times, increased productivity, improved capacity and output, decreased work-in-progress, and improved process flow. Companies operating at 3 to 4 sigma generally loses up to 10-15% of their total revenue due to defects, on the contrast a company that operates at 6 sigma generally loses less than 10%. Six Sigma stars Motorola has reported savings of $2 billion over 10 years of implementation while GE shaved off 750 million of cost in 1998. In 1999, GE has projected a 1.5 billion in savings due to Six Sigma, and if they reach their goal of six sigma in the year 2000 they will add between 8 to 12 added to the bottom line. In conclusion, GE has decided to ride Six Sigma into the next century. The year 2000 is the deadline for reaching Six Sigma, which is also around the time its CEO Jack Welch plans to retire. If GE's quality gamble pays off, Jack Welch will go out a winner, leaving behind his most admired company on top. Reference "The Enigma of Six Sigma." (1999, May). Business Today. Online Romeo, Mary. Six Sigma Quality. GE Capital FMP Conference, Stamford, 1999. Curran, John. "GE CAPITAL: JACK WELCH'S SECRET WEAPON." Fortune July 1999.

Women in the Classical Era

Stephen Spradling Oct 22-Dec 15 The Rights of Women In the Classical era China, India, and Rome all had different views on women’s roles in society. Each society placed them as second class citizens but as you read in each document in â€Å"Considering the Evidence† they are each treated a little better. At the bottom is the Chinese culture, they treat their women as objects, as things you should own such as servants. The Indians are who the text explains next.They treat their women a little better; the women are not anywhere treated as equals but had the option of going off on their own and being priestess or beggars. The last of the documents are the Roman culture. The Roman women are not equal either but they are the closest to it. In public they are not to question men but they rule the house at home. In the document on the Romans they protest in the street the law against having jewelry because of the needs of the Empire to fund the war. â€Å"How sad it is to be a woman! Nothing on earth is held so cheap.Boys stand leaning at the door Like Gods fallen out of Heaven. †( Fu Xuan, 263) The Chinese culture held women in the lowest regards while placing all men above the. But in the text â€Å"A Chinese Woman’s Instructions to Her Daughters† Ban Zhao was able to have a life of her own without a husband. She was married had children, but then widowed. Even through this she was able to be successful, and become and author to help other women. â€Å"Ban Zhao had a significant career as a court historian and as an adviser to the empress- dowager ( the widow of a deceased emperor).Her most famous work, Lessons for Women, was an effort to apply the principles of Confucianism to the lives and behavior of women. † (Waley, 264) Ban Zhao was the few exceptions to this most women were expected to do choirs and housework without complaint and complete obedience. â€Å" Let a woman retire late to bed, but rise early to duties; let her nor dread tasks by day or by night. . . . When a woman follows such rules as these, then she may be said to be industrious. † â€Å"unquestionably the daughter- in- law obeys. †(Ban, 264) The life of a Chinese woman was very hard and one of unsung hardship.Around this this same time there was a women in India were subject to very similar social standings. The could not do anything without and man and were subject to man’s rule. In An Alternative to Patriarchy in India it states the limited power of women. â€Å"In childhood a female must be subject to her father, in youth to her husband, when her lord is dead to her sons; a woman must never be independent. †(Psalms of the Early Buddhists, translated by Mrs. Rhys Davids, 266) The only way around such treatment was to be a Buddhist nun or a street beggar.Even though women in the Chinese cultural do not complain the Indian women did. They wrote poems about their hardships. â€Å"Me stained and squalid à ¢â‚¬â„¢ mong my cooking- pots My brutal husband ranked as even less Than the sunshades he sits and weaves alway. †( Psalms of the Early Buddhists, translated by Mrs. Rhys Davids,267) The three lives that these women could live is under control of a man, as a nun or as a street walker. The last choice of a street walker may sound like a horrible choice but it is the only way for these women to be free. To- day with shaven head, wrapt in my robe, I go forth on my daily round for food; . . . Now all the evil bonds that fetter gods And men are wholly rent and cut away. . . . Calm and content I know Nibbana’s Peace. † . †( Psalms of the Early Buddhists, translated by Mrs. Rhys Davids,267) The women of the highest standing were the women of Rome. They could go out in public without men, even talk to other men, even though this was frowned upon. â€Å"Had not respect for the dignity and modesty of cer-tain ones ( not them all! restrained me. . . . I should have sa id,‘ What kind of behavior is this? Running around in public, blocking streets, and speaking to other women’s husbands! Could you not have asked your own husbands the same thing at home? Are you more charming in public with others’ husbands than at home with your own? And yet, it is not fit-ting even at home†¦ for you to concern yourselves with what laws are passed or repealed here. †(Livy, 269) This tells us that women were able to go out in public, socialize, and even gossip.This document shows that though not in public these woman have somewhat of a voice in the home. These women have gone so far as to protest in the streets to get their right to buy jewelry back. â€Å" even now let them snatch at the government and meddle in the Forum and our assemblies. What are they doing now on the streets and crossroads, if they are not persuading the tribunes to vote for repeal? †(Livy, 269) These women have had the freedom to protest in the street ove r JEWLERY! These women are truly treated the best out of the cultures of this time.

Diet Food Industry

Serious illnesses or diseases and poor physical conditions that cause personal problems and difficulties are commonly attributed to the health and lifestyle of individuals, particularly the kind of food that they eat. For instance, obesity that is consequently known to lead to other major and fatal diseases such as heart attack, hypertension, diabetes, etc. , is not only caused by a sedentary lifestyle but also the unceasing consumption of unhealthy foods, particularly sweet and fatty ones.Most people are aware of this fact even without the aid of informational tools and activities. Due to the widespread occurrence of these illnesses or diseases, medical health professionals and health buffs have advocated for a â€Å"health and lifestyle revolution† that consists of a healthy diet and a fit lifestyle. With these changes, the diet food industry has also been established.The diet food industry operates internationally, with various organizations and establishments capitalizing on the strength of the industry’s market; thus, the influx of new groups or individuals who are willing to venture into the diet food industry especially within the international setting. However, groups and individuals who are highly interested in investing in the diet food industry need to go over various processes and succeeding stages in order to ensure their place and position within the corporate arena.The remainder of this paper will discuss these processes and stages, including the study of the global prospect, particularly for a planned restaurant that specializes in diet food meals, the current trends and practices in the diet food industry, available opportunities as well as probable risks and threats, the competition, and the nature and dimensions of the market situation. First, setting up a restaurant in some part of the world requires the study of worldwide acceptance and national or cultural responses to diet foods.(The International Food Information Council, 2 008) This particular process is a good way to start of establishing a business plan because it directly determines whether the targeted market in a particular place exist and is enough to fuel the success of the business in terms of sales and revenue. In addition, there are other considerations such as multicultural diversity, the availability of channels of distributions, the moral or ethical practices prevailing over a particular place, and the availability of resources.(Shay, 2007)Since the structures and dimensions of these factors and requirements differ for each place, there is a pressing need to conduct surveys and market researches in order to determine the best place to set up a restaurant that specializes in diet food. Perhaps, it should be developed in nations or localities that have high incidences of illnesses and diseases that are attributed to unhealthy diets and lifestyles, while considering the number of competition that exist within the area.Overall, the quality of the global prospect of establishing a diet food restaurant will depend on the results and outcomes of the survey and market research. Second, there is a need to review the current trends that fuel the diet food industry. Usually, they are backed up scientific breakthroughs in food or biological technology and the condition of the economy. For instance, the current global economic crisis will lead to the control and limitation of pricing strategies if the restaurant owner will expect the market to frequent the products and services provided by the establishment.(Heigl, 2008)According to the research conducted by MSN Health and Fitness (2008), individuals find it hard to maintain a healthy diet considering the price that they have to pay for each meal. In addition, there has been much discussion and recommendations on the consumption of organic foods – versus the widespread production of genetically modified organisms or GMOs and food products – as chief sources vitamin s and minerals needed by the body. Organic food has also been found out to be a good prevention measure to avoid illnesses and diseases brought about by GMOs.(Greene, 2008)With the reason aforementioned above – that is the alarming increase in the number of individuals who die or get stricken by major illnesses and diseases that are attributed to unhealthy diet and lifestyle as well as the growing importance directed by individuals to the physical and aesthetic condition of individuals – there are various opportunities open for existing business organization to expand or venture into the diet food industry.The continuous evolution of dietary constructs as brought about by the advancement of science and technology allow the diet food industry to reap the benefits of discoveries, developments, and improvements that fit the landscape of diet food restaurants. In addition, the existence of numerous dietary food plans or selections also build up opportunities for organizati ons or establishments to compete. For instance, there are restaurants that specialize on vegetarian meals, low-carbohydrate diets, low cholesterol diets, sugar-free food products, high fiber meals, etc.(â€Å"Special Dietary Needs,† 2008)Moreover, as time progresses, there will be other introductions to the diet food industry. On the other hand, the risks involved have something to do with the problems those organizations or establishments would have to encounter during the planning and implementation process. For instance, competition is always considered a risk, as well as the market acceptability and response of the market to diet food products and services.Moreover, the risks are great for restaurants in terms of how they will be able to handle the market saturation of organizations and establishments that specialize on the diet or special foods. For this reason, the restaurant should be able to offer something new and innovative to the market, set it on affordable prices as compared to other establishments, and ensure the quality and efficiency of the food products and services being offered for the benefit of the consumers.With the development of the diet food industry, organizations and establishments are slowly trying to get into the bandwagon by modifying or transforming their products and services in order to attract the bulk of the market that patronizes special and diet foods. For instance, various supermarkets have involved themselves in promoting healthy diet foods for their consumers by taking part in the implementation of various strategies in terms of consumer purchases of healthy foods. (Mhurchu, et. al., 2005)In addition, well-known restaurants such as Chili’s Grill & Bar, TGI Friday’s, Fresh Fit, etc. In addition, this valuable cause of promoting the health and well being of individuals is also backed up by city governments and private organizations that are concerned about health awareness and consciousness. (Barlyn, 2 008) For ideas on how to introduce healthy diet foods, restaurants should follow by example from the popular restaurants aforementioned. Fresh Fit offers meals that include a sandwich, yogurt, and a bottle of water which is known to be only 340 calories.Chili’s Grill & Bar offers the Guiltless Grill meals that are packed with a variety of vegetables such as carrots, broccoli, and peppers. In addition, it also comes with a low-fat dressing. The Applebee’s Grill & Bar also offer meals that include various vegetables including low-calories steaks and beneficial seafood selections such as shrimps. All the healthy diet foods offered by Applebee’s, Chili’s, Romano’s Macaroni, Subway, and TGI Friday’s only amount from 300 to 400 calories per meal.

Express

Express Express Express By Maeve Maddox A reader has a question about the use of the transitive verb express: Is there something wrong with a phrase like this: He expressed that he was tired? It seems odd to me, but I cant figure out why or if Im just off base. It seems like you could say, He expressed the idea that he was tired. Yes, the sense is slightly different, but is one right and the other wrong? Is the issue that express is a transitive verb? The literal meaning of the verb express is â€Å"to press or squeeze out.† For example: Water may be expressed from a wet towel by twisting the towel. Breast milk may be expressed manually or with a mechanical device. Amorphous metal tapes are produced by expressing a metallic melt in a supply container through at least one nozzle opening. Express has more than one figurative use. In one sense, express is â€Å"to portray† or â€Å"to represent,† either physically or symbolically. For example, artists express the human figure in drawing and in sculpture; mathematicians express one quantity in terms of another quantity. Express can mean, â€Å"to manifest or reveal by external tokens.† For example, â€Å"Ancient Roman aqueducts still in use express the genius of Roman engineering.† Another meaning of express is â€Å"to put into words†: True wit is nature to advantage dressed, What oft was thought, but neer so well expressed.- Essay in Criticism, Alexander Pope This meaning of express is also used reflexively, as in the titles of songs by Madonna and Ice Cube: â€Å"Express Yourself,† i.e, â€Å"say what you think.† These definitions do not exhaust the uses of express, but they do bring us back to the reader’s question: â€Å"Is there something wrong with a phrase like this: ‘He expressed that he was tired?’ † The answer is â€Å"Yes, there’s something wrong.† It’s not idiomatic. Express is transitive, but that is not the problem. Other transitive verbs, like say and admit, can take a noun clause as their objects: He says that he was there, but I did not see him. (noun clause, direct object of says) I admit that I was wrong. (noun clause, direct object of admit) When express takes a direct object, however, the object cannot be a clause. For that reason, the reader’s first example (He expressed that he was tired) â€Å"sounds wrong,† but the second example (He expressed the idea that he was tired) â€Å"sounds right.† Why? It’s a matter of idiom. I can only say with Professor Brians (Common Errors in English Usage), You can express an idea or a thought, but you can’t ever  express that.    Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Exquisite AdjectivesBetween vs. In BetweenWhen Is a Question Not a Question?