John Paul Jones in the American Revolution

Scottish by birth, Commodore John Paul Jones became the new United States first naval hero during the  American Revolution (1775-1783). Beginning his career as a merchant sailor and, later, captain, he was forced to flee to the North American colonies after killing a member of his crew in self defense. In 1775, shortly after the war began, Jones was able to secure a commission as lieutenant in the fledgling Continental Navy. Taking part in its early campaigns, he excelled as a commerce raider when given independent commands. Given command of the sloop-of-war Ranger (18 guns) in 1777, Jones received the first foreign salute of the American flag and became the first Continental Navy officer to capture a British warship. In 1779, he repeated the feat when a squadron under his command captured HMS Serapis (44) and HMS Countess of Scarborough (22) at the Battle of Flamborough Head. With the end of the conflict, Jones later served as a rear admiral in the Imperial Russian Navy. Fast Facts: John Paul Jones Rank: Captain (US), Rear Admiral (Russia)Service: Continental Navy, Imperial Russian NavyBirth Name: John PaulBorn: July 6, 1747 at Kirkcudbright, ScotlandDied: July 18, 1792, Paris, FranceParents: John Paul, Sr. and Jean (McDuff) PaulConflicts: American RevolutionKnown For: Battle of Flamborough Head (1777) Early Life Born John Paul on July 6, 1747, at Kirkcudbright, Scotland, John Paul Jones was the son of a gardener. Going to sea at age 13, he first served aboard the merchant ship Friendship which operated out of Whitehaven. Progressing through the merchant ranks, he sailed on both trading vessels and slavers. A skilled sailor, he was made first mate of the slaver Two Friends in 1766. Though the slave trade was lucrative, Jones became disgusted with it and departed the vessel two years later. In 1768, while sailing as a mate aboard the brig John, Jones suddenly ascended to command after yellow fever killed the captain. Safely bringing the vessel back to port, the ships owners made him the permanent captain. In this role, Jones made several profitable voyages to the West Indies. Two years after taking command, Jones was forced to severely flog a disobedient sailor. His reputation suffered when the sailor died a few weeks later. Leaving John, Jones became captain of the London-based Betsey. While lying off Tobago in December 1773, trouble began with his crew and he was forced to kill one of them in self-defense. In the wake of this incident, he was advised to flee until an admiralty commission could be formed to hear his case. North America Traveling north to Fredericksburg, VA, Jones hoped to obtain aid from his brother who had settled in the area. Finding that his brother had died, he took over his affairs and estate. It was during this period that he added Jones to his name, possibly in an effort to distance himself from his past. Sources are unclear regarding his activities in Virginia, however it is known that he traveled to Philadelphia in the summer of 1775, to offer his services to the new Continental Navy after the start of the American Revolution. Endorsed by Richard Henry Lee, Jones was commissioned as the first lieutenant of the frigate Alfred (30) Continental Navy Fitting out in Philadelphia, Alfred was commanded by Commodore Esek Hopkins. On December 3, 1775, Jones became the first to hoist the US flag over an American warship. The following February, Alfred served as Hopkins flagship during the expedition against New Providence in the Bahamas. Landing marines on March 2, 1776, Hopkins force succeeded in capturing weapons and supplies which were badly needed by General George Washingtons army at Boston. Returning to New London, Jones was given command of the sloop Providence (12), with the temporary rank of captain, on May 10, 1776. While aboard Providence, Jones displayed his skill as a commerce raider capturing sixteen British ships during one six-week cruise and received his permanent promotion to captain. Arriving at Narragansett Bay on October 8, Hopkins appointed Jones to command Alfred. Through the fall, Jones cruised off Nova Scotia capturing several additional British vessels and securing winter uniforms and coal for the army. Putting into Boston on December 15, he began a major refit on the vessel. While in port, Jones, a poor politician, began feuding with Hopkins. As result, Jones was next assigned to command the new 18-gun sloop-of-war Ranger rather than one of the new frigates being built for the Continental Navy. Departing Portsmouth, NH on November 1, 1777, Jones was ordered to proceed to France to assist the American cause in any way possible. Arriving at Nantes on December 2, Jones met with Benjamin Franklin and informed the American commissioners of the victory at the Battle of Saratoga. On February 14, 1778, while in Quiberon Bay, Ranger received the first recognition of the American flag by a foreign government when it was saluted by the French fleet. Cruise of Ranger Sailing from Brest on April 11, Jones sought to bring the war home to the British people with the goal of forcing the Royal Navy to withdraw forces from American waters. Boldly sailing into the Irish Sea, he landed his men at Whitehaven on April 22 and spiked the guns in the towns fort as well as burned shipping in the harbor. Crossing Solway Firth, he landed at St. Marys Isle to kidnap the Earl of Selkirk whom he believed could be exchanged for American prisoners of war. Coming ashore, he found that the Earl was away. To placate the desires of his crew, he seized the familys set of silver plate. Crossing the Irish Sea, Ranger encountered the sloop-of-war HMS Drake (20) on April 24. Attacking, Ranger captured the ship after an hour-long battle. Drake became the first British warship to be captured by the Continental Navy. Returning to Brest, Jones was greeted as a hero. Promised a new, larger ship, Jones soon encountered problems with the American commissioners as well as the French admiralty. After some struggle, he obtained a former East Indiaman which he converted into a warship. Mounting 42 guns, Jones named the ship Bonhomme Richard in tribute to Benjamin Franklin. Battle of Flamborough Head Sailing on August 14, 1779, Jones commanded a five-ship squadron. Proceeding northwest, Jones moved up the west coast of Ireland and turned to circle the British Isles. While the squadron captured several merchant ships, Jones experienced persistent problems with insubordination from his captains. On September 23, Jones encountered a large British convoy off Flamborough Head escorted by HMS Serapis (44) and HMS Countess of Scarborough (22). Jones maneuvered Bonhomme Richard to engage Serapis while his other ships intercepted Countess of Scarborough. Though Bonhomme Richard was pounded by Serapis, Jones was able to close and lash the two ships together. In a prolonged and brutal fight, his men were able to overcome the British resistance and succeeded in capturing Serapis. It was during this fight that Jones reputedly replied to a British demand for surrender with Surrender? I have not yet begun to fight! As his men were achieving their victory, his consorts captured Countess of Scarborough. Turning for Texel, Jones was forced to abandon the battered Bonhomme Richard on September 25. America Again hailed as a hero in France, Jones was awarded the rank of Chevalier by King Louis XVI. On June 26, 1781, Jones was appointed to command America (74) which was then under construction at Portsmouth. Returning to America, Jones threw himself into the project. Much to his disappointment, the Continental Congress elected to give the ship to France in September 1782, to replace Magnifique which had run aground entering Boston harbor. Completing the ship, Jones turned it over to its new French officers. Foreign Service With the end of the war, Jones, like many Continental Navy officers, was discharged. Left idle, and feeling that he was not given enough credit for his actions during the war, Jones willingly accepted an offer to serve in the navy of Catherine the Great. Arriving in Russia in 1788, he served in that years campaign on the Black Sea under the name Pavel Dzhones. Though he fought well, he bickered with the other Russian officers and was soon politically outmaneuvered by them. Recalled to St. Petersburg, he was left without a command and soon departed for Paris. Returning to Paris in May 1790, he lived there in retirement, though he did make attempts to re-enter Russian service. He died alone on July 18, 1792. Buried in St. Louis Cemetery, Jones remains were returned to the United States in 1905. Carried aboard the armored cruiser USS Brooklyn, they were interred in an elaborate crypt within the United States Naval Academy Chapel at Annapolis, MD.

Cyber Security And Cyber Warfare - 2152 Words

87 Data subject to restrictions on cover and notice page. 8.0 SOUTHERN UNIVERSITY FINAL REPORT 8.1 Summary 8.1.1 Motivation To address the increasing threats to national security coming from the cyber domain, military intelligence corps have recognized the need for officers trained in cyberspace 88 Data subject to restrictions on cover and notice page. counterterrorism techniques, technologies, and methods. These officers direct and conduct integrated electronic warfare, information technology, and cyberspace operations, as authorized or directed, to ensure freedom of action in and through cyberspace and the information environment, and to deny the same to our nation s adversaries. In support of the requirement for officers trained in cyber warfare techniques and technologies, the ROTC Cyber Research program provides cadets with opportunities to research and solve real world problems in cyber security and cyber counter-terrorism. 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Congenital Heart Defects and Diabetes Essay Example For Students

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Smoking Ban in the United States of America

Introduction Historically, smoking is a practice that has existed for a long time. Ever since pre-rolled cigarettes were first introduced in the early 1900s, â€Å"the number of cigarettes smoked around the world has risen each year. Today, it is estimated that over 15 billion cigarettes are smoked every day† (Mason 13).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Smoking Ban in the United States of America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The shocking thing is that even though the number of cigarettes smoked in some countries is falling, overall consumption continues to extend. This has been attributed to two main reasons. These reasons are, first, â€Å"selling more cigarettes in poor countries has been on the increase. Secondly, the expanding world population has contributed to this increase† (Mason 16). Smoking in the United States of America has been under scrutiny, for instance, studies revealed that smok ing was still a male preserve from 1965 to 1993 (Haustein and Groneberg 60). In addition, â€Å"smoking prevalence was highest among the people who were living below the poverty line, blue collar workers, single or divorced people and military personnel† (Haustein and Groneberg 73). Historically, tobacco is a plant that thrived in Louisiana. This plant thrives in this state where it is used to be cultivated on large scale. Farmers use to thrive on this plant when they can collect revenue of it (Billings 279). Dr. Alston Ochsner, a famed medical doctor and researcher, carried out studies which led him to conclude that smoking was associated to cancer. From his findings, he concluded, â€Å"Only four percent of lung cancer is not linked to smoking thus it was preventable cancer† (Pyle 9). These findings were instrumental in the formulation of policies which were against smoking in Louisiana. Currently, the state of Louisiana is smoke free in the public places. This law c ame into control on January 1, 2007 as a consequence of massive lobbying by the antismoking arm of the state residents and organizations. Essentially, this law ensures that the local government has the ability to supervise and expand the smoke free zones. This is aimed at protecting the non-smoking people within the state. According to the state, this is viewed as a major step in the direction of public health. Despite all these advancements, there is another side of the coin. This has been characterized by the fact that businesses are coming out stating that their companies have had negative implications with regard to this ban. For instance, there has been a report that the number of sales reduced in some of the businesses. Notwithstanding this fact, many countries have joined the list to ban smoking in public places. The bans which have been effected in these countries have either been partial or complete depending on the legislation of these particular countries. Some of the cou ntries which have been affected by these bans are Albania, Argentina, United Kingdom, Australia, Denmark, Brazil and Austria. In these countries, regulations have been enforced to ensure that there are restricted areas where smoking can be tolerated, such as entertainment spots, and there are areas where it is illegal.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are many reasons as to why the ban for smoking has been upheld. Some of them have been associated with health reasons. Nicotine is a component which is found in tobacco. Nicotine has a high affinity for being absorbed into the blood, especially when it is smoked. This is because it enters the lungs and is absorbed into the blood stream with a high degree of frequency. When person smokes, nicotine enters the brain rapidly. This is characterized with the peaking levels which take place within 10m seconds of inhaling the drug. C igarette smokers not only tend to die at an earlier age, but also have a higher probability of developing certain diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and broncho-pulmonary disease, than the non-smokers. Smoking does not just affect only the smoker, it also affects the person who does not smoke. These are people who are exposed to the smoke which comes off the end of the cigarette that the smoker has not inhaled. This smoke joins the environment and is inhaled by the secondary party from there. Thus, it is important to note that secondary persons get to smoke through two main ways. First, it is smoke which is usually not filtered from a cigarette’s burning end and secondly, it is smoke which is exhaled from the smoker himself. The secondary smoke is dangerous to the people who are found within the environment of the persons who are concerned. This is because these people are usually exposed to the risks of the smoke just like the smoker, some of the diseases whic h they are exposed to include lung disease, emphysema, and heart diseases. This smoke is especially harmful to the children because children’s systems tolerate smoke at a more complex level than the adults. Coworkers are also exposed to the risk. It is not the doctors who oppose smoking, businesses have also been on record with regard to supporting the ban. This is because the risks associated with smoking. For instance, the advocates of the antismoking express concern over the health of their employees who are smokers. This is due to the health concerns which are or have been concerned with smoking. For instance, the smokers are likely to have high health care costs owing to their harmful habits. In addition to this, there is a negative implication to the non-smokers who work with or seek the services of the businessmen. Furthermore, some businesses hold the opinion, â€Å"creating a smoke free work place is the easiest policy to adopt, as well as the least expensive and th e most health conscious† (Bray 289). This is in line with the following benefits which are associated with the smoking ban. Bray states that â€Å"A smoking ban will best support the wellness program of goals of helping the employees quit smoking and protecting nonsmokers from harmful effects of secondhand smoke† (291). There is a consensus among those who support antismoking that the campaigns which have been staged by the pro smoking brigade have been exaggerated. This has led to studies which have revealed that numerous health care campaigns have had devastating psychological effects on the people who have been smoking.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Smoking Ban in the United States of America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition to this, more studies suggest that on the issue of heart disease risk, the non-smoker’s risk of getting that disease is quite low as compared to that whi ch was purported initially. Some scientific reports conclude that the risk associated with smoking in regard to the non smokers was too small to support the smoking ban. This ban has major implications on the business premises and the business owners. This is because empirical evidence suggests that due to the ban, to support smoking has become costlier than before. This is because it has resulted into most businesses being forced to come up with services cater for the irritated customers owing to the anti-smoking regulations as well as having to take care of the employees who may be non smokers who are working in a smoking environment. It is also worth noting that the issue of smoking or not smoking is an individual issue which protects the constitutional right of the smoker. This implies that when the government imposes the non smoking campaigns, it denies other people’s rights to make decisions which is not in line with the constitution. This has had a major issue with the effect on businesses where some smokers or non smokers have kept away due to the policies either of the business supports. It is worth noting that this debate is not about to end. This implies that there are people who will still favor the smoking habits, and there are those who will be of the idea that smoking is not as it is purported to be tainted. Furthermore, the issue of constitutional rights also needs to be put into perspective due to the fact that it has been argued that the smoking ban imposes decisions on citizens who have the ability to make their own choices. It is important to look at this matter from both sides of the coin. What are the precise implications of this ban on both the smokers and the non smokers? Studies should ensure that they remain as impartial as impossible to ensure that the directions which are taken with the policy formulators are in the right perspective. On evaluating closely the subject of the constitution, the United States of America constitu tion grants individual rights. Some of them, such as freedom of speech, religion, assembly and the right to bear arms are explicit in the document. Others have been inferred by the United States court, such as the right to privacy and bodily integrity. Thus, to arrive at a conclusion on which side to support, â€Å"it follows both the scientific conclusions should be impartial as well as the right interpretation of the constitution† (Riegelman 69). Even as this ban is gradually gaining momentum and being embraced holistically across the globe, it is important to establish measures to ensure that it does not have negative effects on the smokers. It is therefore necessary to ensure that support groups and health services centers are assisting people who might be having smoking problems. So, the fight against smoking will be won gradually.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Works Cited Billings, E. R. Tobacco: Its History, Varieties, Culture, Manufacture and Commerce. Middlesex: Echo Library, 2008. Print. Bray, Ilona M. Healthy Employees, Healthy Business: Easy, Affordable Ways to Promote Workplace Wellness. California: Nolo, 2009. Print. Haustein, Knut-Olaf and David Groneberg. Tobacco Or Health?: Physiological and Social Damages Caused by Tobacco Smoking. New York: Springer, 2009. Print. Mason, Paul. Know the Facts about Drinking and Smoking. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, 2009. Print. Pyle, Dr. Hugh F. How to Quit Smoking Without Pills, Pain Or Panic. Tennessee: Sword of the Lord Publishers, 2000. Print. Riegelman, Richard K. Public Health 101: Healthy People–Healthy Populations. Sadbury, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning, 2009. Print. This essay on Smoking Ban in the United States of America was written and submitted by user Makenzie U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.